Chemical & Biological Dynamics

A method of preparing and storing a stable solution of chlorine dioxide in a non-aqueous, water-immiscible liquid. An aqueous solution of chlorine dioxide is vigorously mixed with a non-aqueous, water immiscible liquid and, in a single extraction, the chlorine dioxide is extracted into the non-aqueous liquid. The aqueous and non-aqueous phases are separated and the chlorine dioxide containing non-aqueous liquid is stored in a closed light-free environment. In an alternate embodiment, gaseous chlorine dioxide is introduced into the non-aqueous, water-immiscible liquid. Concentrations of 2,000 mg to 17,000 mg chlorine dioxide per liter are obtained. The chlorine dioxide in the non-aqueous liquid is stabilized for at least one month. A highly purified aqueous solution of chlorine dioxide is prepared by mixing the non-aqueous solution of chlorine dioxide with water and extracting chlorine dioxide into the water.

"Ex parte Ratcliff, is a recent decision of the Patent Trial and Appeal Board (PTAB) addressing whether the requirement that a component of a claimed composition “remains stable in the composition” was indefinite." "It was apparent in this case that the PTAB was looking for a number – how much stabilized chlorine dioxide would need to remain in the composition after storing under specified conditions for the stabilized chlorine dioxide to be deemed “stable in the composition”? For claims as in this case, it can be helpful to consider how the difference between “stable” and “not stable” will be explained to a lay jury. If it will be hard to show a lay jury the line between infringing and not infringing, it may be preferable to claim the composition differently (maybe product-by-process)." "In this case, both the examiner and the PTAB relied on their own judgment of how a skilled artisan would have viewed the meaning of stability. While applicant provided experimental evidence to show that certain prior art compositions did not include stabilized chlorine dioxide that remains stable, a succinct statement from a skilled artisan regarding how to determine whether stabilized chlorine dioxide “remains stable in the composition” may have framed the issue of indefiniteness in a more favorable manner."

A composition for stabilizing chlorine dioxide maintains a chlorine dioxide concentration nearly constant in the agent containing chlorine dioxide dissolved therein even when chlorine dioxide is continuously released as gas from agent, and includes a chlorite and a pH adjuster. The pH adjuster is an acid or a salt thereof having a buffering property whose pH is 2.5 to 6.8 as a 5% aqueous solution at 25°C.

"“In our research, we showed that, by using our existing proprietary process, we can indeed generate CLO2 economically and without using chemicals.” CLO2 is used by the industry as a pretreatment step to break the oil/grease emulsions, destroy chemical additives, and to kill bacteria. CLO2 generation infrastructure is capital-intensive and results in high consumables use. Therefore, integrating CLO2 generation into the normal process of treating flowback water can result in significant efficiency and cost improvements. By using EWS, operators can produce CLO2 to process water for re-use with the added benefit of no additional CLO2 generator infrastructure requirement. Additional benefits of CLO2 production within the EWS process flow are expected to not only help remove bacteria, but help save on capital costs of replacing pipe and other infrastructure, as CLO2 is known to oxidize and destroy friction generating chemicals." "OriginOil disclosed the proprietary capability of EWS to generate chlorine dioxide in a patent application filed on July 15th, 2013, titled "Removing Ammonia from Water". This patent describes how EWS acts and induces reactions on chlorine-based elements."

" chlorine dioxide adsorbed in a zeolite, and/or releasing at least a portion of the chlorine dioxide from the composition, the released chlorine dioxide potentially useful for disinfection, decolorization, mildew control, and/or odor control."

Abstract Antipyrine (ANT, phenazone), a widely used anti-inflammatory analgesic in medical treatment, has been frequently detected in the aquatic environment." "ANT was firstly transformed into ANT-Cl through single-electron-transfer (SET) and substitution reaction. Further oxidation of this intermediate product involved ring-opening reaction and de-carbonyl reaction."

The degradation of phenylurea herbicides (chlortoluron, isoproturon and diuron) by chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and the formation of disinfection by-produc…

" the phage enzyme could make a rapid decrease in the amount of BF bacteria.The elimination rate approached the maximum (80%) after 4 h of treatment. Enzyme pretreatment could also increase the disinfection effect of chlorine dioxide. Approximately 92% of the BF bacteria were eliminated after treatment with the phage enzyme followed by 30 min of treatment with chlorine dioxide"

{Chlorine dioxide test strips} "These strips inhibit 1.5 ppm chlorine or greater. Bromine, iodine, and permanganate will deliver a positive interference. Free chlorine above 2 ppm will also deliver a positive interference. High levels of chloramine and monochloramine will slowly interfere with the accuracy of chlorine dioxide measurement. Hydrogen peroxide, even at 3%, does not interfere. Chlorite does not yield a positive interference (up to 750 ppm) nor does it consume or interfere with the chlorine inhibitor. No other significant interference is noted when testing with 5 ppm iron, copper or manganese, 20 ppm quat, 40 ppm polyquat, chelant to remove 5 ppm metals, 1 ppm copper algaecide, at pH 6-8.4, at temperatures 15C-40C. 100 ppm cyanuric acid may affect the accuracy of the test strip, causing low colorimetric readings"

Chlorine Test Strips found in: Chlorine Test Strips, Chlorine Test Strips, Sensafe® Chlorine Test Strips, Free & Total Chlorine Test Strips, AquaChek®..

test kits, reagents, etc

****!!!! "Chlorine Dioxide Test Strip monitors chlorine dioxide levels, including residuals from 0-500ppm in increments of 0, 10, 25, 50, 100, 250, and 500ppm." ***** "The Chlorine Dioxide 0-500 test strips will react to free chlorine solutions, in fact this is how we check the color chart. Only the Low Level Chlorine Dioxide 0-10ppm has an inhibitor for free chlorine. The Chlorine Dioxide 0-10ppm test strips include an inhibitor for free chlorine up to 4 ppm free chlorine."

"Chlorine Dioxide is a WONDERFUL disinfectant, but, if you know the first thing about it, you know that its concentration in solution wanes rather rapidly. It's easy to make in the lab or kitchen--jut a little Sodium ChlorITE, a tad of bleach (increases yield) and either muriatic or citric acid ("sour salt" in your Kosher section). I keep a little bottle handy for scrapes and scratches--and it kills cold sores DEAD, but how to know whether you need to replace? Instant answer with these stripts!"

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(1) sulfuric acid is added into sodium chloride solution to obtain mixed solution with the sulfuric acid concentration being 1 to 10 mol.L and the sodium chloride concentration being 1 to 5 mol.L; (2) the mixed solution is added into a reactor containing zinc sulfide ore for taking reaction, and chlorine dioxide and little chlorine gas are produced through the reaction; and (3) mixed absorption liquid formed by alkali liquor and hydrogen peroxide are added into an absorber, wherein the mol ratio of the alkali liquor, the hydrogen peroxide and the sodium chlorate in the reactor is (0.5-1): (0.5-0.8):1, gas produced in the reactor is sent into the absorber, the temperature is maintained at -5 to 10 DEG C, and the reaction lasts 0.5 to 2 hours. The zinc sulfide is utilized and is subjected to two-step reaction so that the conversion rate of converting raw materials of the sodium chlorate into sodium chlorite can be as high as more than 97 percent, and the purity of the obtained sodium chlorite is very high.

In this study the interaction of the preservative sodium chlorite with unsaturated lipids and glutathione was investigated, in comparison with peroxides, sodium hypochlorite, and benzalkonium chloride. The aim was to determine whether the action of sodium chlorite could involve membrane lipid damage …

Sodium hypochlorite and sodium chlorite are commonly used as disinfectants, and understanding the mechanisms of microbial resistance to these compounds is of considerable importance. In this study, t...

****!!!!***!!** "Glutathione levels did not correlate with the measured TAC values, despite this being the most important non-enzymatic intracellular antioxidant molecule. The results indicate that the isolated measurement of TAC does not give a clear picture of the ability of a given Candida sp. to respond to oxidative stress."

In this study the interaction of the preservative sodium chlorite with unsaturated lipids and glutathione was investigated, in comparison with peroxid…

"In contrast to its responses to hydrogen peroxide and paracetic acid, KatE1 was not the primary scavenger of chlorine dioxide in these V. parahaemolyticus strains."

{Includes optimal ingredients} Patent application abandoned.

***!!!!** {Includes chlorine dioxide concentration levels that oxidize various medicines} "The formation of undesirable by-products can be controlled by minimizing the dose of ClO2 and applying post-treatment using, for example, ferrous iron (Fe2+) or sulfite (SO3 2-), which reduces ClO2 and chlorite residuals to chloride [22,23]. The removal of ClO2 and chlorite residuals allows higher levels of ClO2 to be used for treatment providing effective micropollutant removal. " "Wastewater effluents were collected from two wastewater treatment plants in Sweden, one with extended nitrogen removal (low COD) and one without (high COD). "

Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) has been promoted as an alternative disinfectant because of its high disinfection efficiency and less formation of organic dis…

"ProOxine®AH Now Claims Efficacy Against PED" "OXINE® Approved for Horticulture Applications... eliminates most microbial issues at grower facilities at doses as low as 1 ppm to 5 ppm." "Keeper® Technology Now Certified Organic" "anti-microbial agent for the Red Meat, Poultry and Post Harvest Industries" “The issuance of Organic Certification now allows the organic producer the same level of protection employed by traditional producers.” “The active component in Keeper is Acidified Sodium Chlorite (ASC) – a powerful antimicrobial with adequate residual effect. After its intended technical effect, ASC breaks down into table salt. This is the fundamental premise of Keeper® approval as an organic material,”